CEE PG MDMS Nepal 2022/23 2079 Previous Year Questions

MEC Common Entrance Exam (MD/MS) 2022

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MEDICINE
1. A 46-year-old male presents with a history of falling from a tree. Upon examination, he is diagnosed with Brown-Séquard syndrome. Which of the following findings is true regarding this syndrome?
  • a. Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation and contralateral loss of motor function
  • b. Ipsilateral loss of motor function and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
  • c. Bilateral loss of motor function
  • d. Ipsilateral loss of pain sensation along with motor function
Correct Answer: b
2. Which of the following is most appropriate for the treatment of von Willebrand factor (vWF) deficiency?
  • a. Whole blood
  • b. Packed red cell volume
  • c. Fresh frozen plasma
  • d. Cryoprecipitate
Correct Answer: d
3. A young girl presents with heavy menstrual bleeding and microcytic RBCs on a peripheral blood smear. Which type of anemia is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Iron deficiency anemia
  • b. Megaloblastic anemia
  • c. Hemolytic anemia
  • d. Thalassemia
Correct Answer: a
4. A 42-year-old teacher presents with gum bleeding for 6 months and bilaterally symmetrical petechiae on the legs and palate. A diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (vWD) is supported by an abnormality in which parameter?
  • a. Platelet count
  • b. Fibrinogen assay
  • c. APTT
  • d. PT/INR
Correct Answer: c
5. A 67-year-old male presents with a gradual onset of forgetfulness that exceeds his usual baseline. What is the correct term for this condition?
  • a. Agnosia
  • b. Amnesia
  • c. Alogia
  • d. Dysgeusia
Correct Answer: b
6. A patient presents with a cough, shortness of breath, joint pain, and swelling. A chest X-ray reveals hilar calcification, and the serum calcium level is 12.5 mg/dl. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Lung cancer
  • b. Pneumonia
  • c. Sarcoidosis
  • d. Pulmonary tuberculosis
Correct Answer: c
7. In a patient with high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA), which of the following is the most likely cause?
  • a. Renal tubular acidosis
  • b. Chronic kidney disease
  • c. Acetazolamide use
  • d. Diarrhea
Correct Answer: b
8. Which of the following parameters is indicative of pre-renal Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
  • a. Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) < 1%
  • b. Urinary osmolarity < 300 mOsm/kg
  • c. Urine sodium concentration > 40 mEq/L
  • d. Presence of RBC casts in urine
Correct Answer: a
9. In the management of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), which of the following ECG findings is a contraindication to fibrinolysis?
  • a. New-onset LBBB
  • b. U waves
  • c. Pathological Q waves
  • d. Tall T waves
Correct Answer: c
10. A 42-year-old patient presents to the ER with shortness of breath. Examination shows a drop in systolic BP > 10 mmHg during the inspiratory phase. What is this clinical sign called?
  • a. Pulsus paradoxus
  • b. Pulse pressure variation
  • c. Kussmaul breathing
  • d. Bigeminal pulse
Correct Answer: a
11. A patient presents with jaundice, abdominal pain, and ascites. Labs show AST (110 IU), ALT (150 IU), direct bilirubin (1 mg/dl), total bilirubin (4 mg/dl), and albumin (200 mg/dl). What is the provisional diagnosis?
  • a. Hemolysis
  • b. Acute hepatitis
  • c. Chronic hepatitis
  • d. Obstructive jaundice
Correct Answer: c
12. A 20-year-old male presents for a checkup. Physical findings include a long, narrow face, large ears, a prominent jaw and forehead, unusually flexible fingers, flat feet, and macroorchidism. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • b. Marfan syndrome
  • c. Down syndrome
  • d. Fragile X syndrome
Correct Answer: d
13. A patient presents to the ER with vomiting, tachypnea, and altered sensorium, later diagnosed as Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). Which type of insulin should be used for management?
  • a. Insulin Glargine
  • b. Regular Insulin
  • c. Insulin Lispro
  • d. Insulin Detemir
Correct Answer: b
14. A 45-year-old male presents with shortness of breath. Examination reveals decreased breath sounds, muffled heart sounds, pulsus paradoxus, and hypotension. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Cardiac tamponade
  • b. Right heart failure
  • c. Bronchial asthma
  • d. Respiratory failure
Correct Answer: a
15. A patient presents with a fever of several days, malaise, night sweats, and arthralgia. Examination reveals a prominent unilateral posterior occipital lymph node. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Brucellosis
  • b. Tuberculosis
  • c. HIV
  • d. CSOM
Correct Answer: a
16. A hypertensive patient presents with headaches, polyuria, muscle cramps, fatigue, and excessive thirst. Labs reveal hypokalemia and hypernatremia. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Cushing's syndrome
  • b. Pituitary adenoma
  • c. Addison's disease
  • d. Conn's syndrome
Correct Answer: d
17. An adolescent female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding, recurrent epistaxis, and pallor. Her platelet count and PT are normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Hemophilia C
  • b. Von Willebrand disease
  • c. Platelet dysfunction
  • d. Factor XIII deficiency
Correct Answer: b
18. Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with Hepatitis C?
  • a. Polyarteritis nodosa
  • b. Lichen planus
  • c. Cryoglobulinemia
  • d. Gum bleeding
Correct Answer: a
19. A 60-year-old male presents with a history of trauma and is diagnosed with an epidural hemorrhage. What is the standard line of management?
  • a. Burr hole evacuation
  • b. Craniotomy
  • c. Administration of 20% Mannitol
  • d. Epinephrine injection
Correct Answer: b
20. What is the most important parameter for monitoring adequate postoperative hydration?
  • a. Skin turgor
  • b. Feeding tolerance
  • c. Urine output
  • d. Skin pinch test
Correct Answer: c
21. A patient presents to the emergency department with blood at the urethral meatus, pelvic pain, and perineal swelling with redness. X-ray confirms a pelvic fracture. Which type of urethral injury is most likely?
  • a. Membranous
  • b. Prostatic
  • c. Bulbar
  • d. Penile
Correct Answer: a
22. A woman presents with sudden onset headache and photophobia, but no neck rigidity. She has no history of hypertension or vascular issues. Her father died from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. If her CT scan is normal, what is the next best investigation?
  • a. Carotid angiography
  • b. MRI
  • c. Lumbar puncture
  • d. Contrast-enhanced CT
Correct Answer: a
23. In which of the following scenarios is breast-conserving surgery NOT possible?
  • a. Fibroadenoma
  • b. Lower lateral quadrant tumor
  • c. Upper medial quadrant tumor
  • d. Central breast tumor
Correct Answer: d
24. A pathological specimen reveals skip lesions, intramural involvement, crypt abscesses, and granulomas. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Ulcerative colitis
  • b. Crohn's disease
  • c. Colon tuberculosis
  • d. Villous adenoma
Correct Answer: b
25. A 46-year-old female presents with burns sustained 4 hours ago involving the anterior of both lower limbs, the entire anterior trunk, and the entire right upper limb. What is the total burn percentage?
  • a. 36%
  • b. 45%
  • c. 40%
  • d. 30%
Correct Answer: b
26. You are managing a trauma case where the GCS is less than 4. What is the most immediate next step?
  • a. IV Fluids
  • b. Intubation
  • c. IV Epinephrine
  • d. Injection Dextrose
Correct Answer: b
27. A patient with advanced gastric cancer is found to have a solitary nodule in the right lobe of the liver during follow-up. What is the management plan at this stage?
  • a. Surgery
  • b. Radiotherapy
  • c. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy
  • d. Chemo-radiotherapy
Correct Answer: c
28. A 3-year-old boy presents with a well-defined, painless mass on the supratemporal rim near the right eyebrow that has been present since birth. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Dermoid cyst
  • b. Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • c. Capillary hemangioma
  • d. Plexiform neurofibroma
Correct Answer: a
29. A euthyroid patient presents with a single painless thyroid nodule that moves with deglutition. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Thyroid cancer
  • b. Toxic nodule
  • c. Solitary thyroid nodule
  • d. Thyroid papilloma
Correct Answer: c
30. A 2-year-old boy is brought to the ER with acute scrotal pain and swelling. Testicular torsion is suspected. What is the most appropriate management?
  • a. Immediate exploration and fixation
  • b. NSAIDs for pain management
  • c. Wait and watch
  • d. Support with a bandage
Correct Answer: a
31. Following surgery for thyroid cancer, a patient is found to have bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. What is the most common symptom?
  • a. Hoarseness of voice
  • b. Stridor
  • c. Aphasia
  • d. Cough
Correct Answer: b
32. A patient presents with a palpable, pulsatile mass in the supraclavicular region; lifting weights causes the hand to become pale. What is the most probable diagnosis?
  • a. Subclavian aneurysm
  • b. Cervical rib
  • c. Glomus jugulare
  • d. Carotid mass
Correct Answer: b
33. In a trauma case where an abdominal injury is suspected and exploratory laparotomy is required, which incision is most appropriate?
  • a. Paramedian incision
  • b. Midline incision
  • c. Transverse incision
  • d. Subcostal incision
Correct Answer: b
34. Which of the following is an advantage of monofilament sutures compared to polyfilament sutures?
  • a. Better memory
  • b. Less slip
  • c. Lower cost
  • d. Reduced risk of infection
Correct Answer: d
35. During surgery, the apex of the sigmoid mesocolon is used as an anatomical landmark to identify which structure?
  • a. Sigmoid artery
  • b. Ureter
  • c. Gonadal vessels
  • d. Sigmoid colon
Correct Answer: b
36. A 13-year-old boy presents with sudden, severe scrotal pain that began while playing football. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Epididymitis
  • b. Testicular torsion
  • c. Epididymo-orchitis
  • d. Inguinal hernia
Correct Answer: b
37. For a mother presenting with premature, pre-labor rupture of membranes (PPROM) for more than 12 hours, what is the management of choice?
  • a. Observation only
  • b. Antibiotics and corticosteroids
  • c. Immediate delivery
  • d. Antibiotics and tocolytics
Correct Answer: b
38. Which of the following is the best parameter for monitoring the progress of labor?
  • a. Head station
  • b. Partogram
  • c. Descent of the head
  • d. Engagement
Correct Answer: b
39. During the delivery of a breech pregnancy, when is the appropriate time to perform an episiotomy?
  • a. After delivery of the buttocks
  • b. During delivery of the shoulders
  • c. When the vulva is thinning due to the presenting breech part
  • d. During delivery of the after-coming head
Correct Answer: c
40. A lady presents with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss and coagulopathy. What is the most probable diagnosis?
  • a. Hemophilia
  • b. ITP
  • c. Antiphospholipid syndrome
  • d. DIC
Correct Answer: c
41. A 25-year-old woman undergoing infertility treatment presents with sudden onset of abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Acute appendicitis
  • b. Ovarian torsion
  • c. Ectopic pregnancy
  • d. Complete abortion
Correct Answer: c
42. A 45-year-old woman presents with hot flashes, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, headaches, night sweats, and mood changes. What is the first-line treatment?
  • a. Tamoxifen
  • b. Progesterone
  • c. Ethinyl estradiol
  • d. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: c
43. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is most consistent in duration across various cycle lengths?
  • a. Proliferative phase
  • b. Ovulatory phase
  • c. Luteal phase
  • d. Menstrual phase
Correct Answer: c
44. Which of the following is considered the best contraceptive method during lactation?
  • a. Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP)
  • b. Progestin-only pill
  • c. IUCD
  • d. Minilap
Correct Answer: b
45. A woman presents with excessive menstrual bleeding and abdominal pain and is diagnosed with uterine fibroids. Which type of fibroid is most commonly associated with these symptoms?
  • a. Intramural fibroid
  • b. Submucous fibroid
  • c. Subserosal fibroid
  • d. Cervical fibroid
Correct Answer: b
46. An infertile woman is found to have bilateral cornual block on hysterosalpingography (HSG). What is the next best step in management?
  • a. Repeat HSG
  • b. Salpingectomy
  • c. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy
  • d. Hydrotubation
Correct Answer: c
47. A 25-year-old primigravida presents to the ER with fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge following a 10-day history of ruptured membranes. Examination shows hypotension, high-grade fever, lethargy, and purulent discharge. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Septic abortion
  • b. Puerperal sepsis
  • c. Chorioamnionitis
  • d. PROM
Correct Answer: c
48. What is the primary mechanism of action of a third-generation, progesterone-containing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)?
  • a. Foreign body reaction preventing sperm entry
  • b. Inhibition of tubal motility and prevention of implantation
  • c. Anovulation
  • d. Endometrial decidualization and thickening of cervical mucus
Correct Answer: d
49. At what age does an infant typically begin to recognize familiar faces?
  • a. 12 months
  • b. 6 months
  • c. 3 months
  • d. 18 months
Correct Answer: c
50. A 13-year-old boy presents with cough, shortness of breath, and respiratory distress triggered by seasonal changes and pollen. There is no family history of atopy or personal history of eczema. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Pneumonia
  • b. Allergic bronchial asthma
  • c. Atopic bronchial asthma
  • d. Fungal bronchial asthma
Correct Answer: b
51. A 7-year-old boy suddenly develops choking, shortness of breath, and respiratory distress after consuming peanuts while playing. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Asthma
  • b. Foreign body aspiration
  • c. Anaphylaxis
  • d. Trauma
Correct Answer: b
52. A newborn presents with a tuft of hair over the skin in the spinal region. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Myelocele
  • b. Meningomyelocele
  • c. Spina bifida occulta
  • d. Meningocele
Correct Answer: c
53. A 5-year-old girl presents to the ER with shortness of breath, bilateral leg swelling, and coryza. She is afebrile. Physical exam reveals an impalpable apex beat, and chest X-ray shows an enlarged pericardial silhouette. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Pleural effusion
  • b. Kwashiorkor
  • c. Pericardial effusion
  • d. Asthma
Correct Answer: c
54. A 5-year-old child presents with fever and a congested pharynx. On the fourth day, the fever subsides and a rash appears. Post-cervical lymph nodes are palpable. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Measles
  • b. Rubella
  • c. Roseola infantum
  • d. Scarlet fever
Correct Answer: c
55. A 3-month-old child is diagnosed with painless, bilateral indirect inguinal hernias. When should surgical repair be performed?
  • a. After 1 year
  • b. After 2 years
  • c. As soon as possible after diagnosis
  • d. Before starting school
Correct Answer: c
56. A baby presents with abdominal distension, constipation, and signs of intestinal obstruction. Hirschsprung disease is suspected. What is the definitive diagnostic investigation?
  • a. Anorectal manometry
  • b. Abdominal X-ray
  • c. Full-thickness rectal biopsy
  • d. Contrast enema
Correct Answer: c
57. A 10-day-old premature infant presents with lethargy, abdominal distension, decreased feeding, and blood in the stool. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Intussusception
  • b. Necrotizing enterocolitis
  • c. Pyloric stenosis
  • d. Duodenal atresia
Correct Answer: b
58. A 7-year-old child presents with abdominal pain, hematuria, and bluish discoloration (purpura) on the thighs. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Immune thrombocytopenia
  • b. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
  • c. Pancreatitis
  • d. Acute appendicitis
Correct Answer: b
59. A 12-year-old female presents with sneezing, nasal itching, and congestion triggered by dust and pollen exposure. These symptoms vary seasonally. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Acute sinusitis
  • b. Atopic rhinitis
  • c. Allergic rhinitis
  • d. Recurrent sinusitis
Correct Answer: c
60. A child presents with hematuria, hearing loss, eyelid chemosis, and blurred vision. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
  • b. Alport syndrome
  • c. Wegener's granulomatosis
  • d. Glomerulonephritis
Correct Answer: b
61. A young patient presents with bilateral heel pain, lumbar pain with limited spinal mobility, and early morning stiffness that improves with exercise. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Rheumatoid arthritis
  • b. Tuberculosis of the spine
  • c. Ankylosing spondylitis
  • d. Malignancy
Correct Answer: c
62. A 39-year-old male fell while playing football. Initial swelling and pain in the right knee subsided after 2-3 days, but he now has increased pain, loss of range of motion, and inability to resume activity. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. PCL tear
  • b. ACL tear
  • c. Meniscal tear
  • d. Bursitis
Correct Answer: b
63. A patient with a history of childhood elbow trauma presents with elbow deformity, hypothenar muscle wasting, and decreased sensation in the medial two fingers. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • b. Guyon canal syndrome
  • c. Cubital tunnel syndrome
  • d. Posterior interosseous nerve injury
Correct Answer: c
64. Following an injury near the right wrist, a patient develops a specific deformity. Which deformity is most likely?
  • a. Claw hand
  • b. Dinner fork deformity
  • c. Ape hand
  • d. Carpal tunnel syndrome
Correct Answer: c
65. What is the standard management for an open tibial fracture presenting to the emergency department?
  • a. Wound debridement only
  • b. Internal fixation and wound repair
  • c. External fixation with debridement and delayed wound closure
  • d. Negative pressure dressing
Correct Answer: c
66. A neurological evaluation reveals paraplegia, atrophy of the lower limbs, and loss of knee and ankle jerks. If cauda equina syndrome is suspected, where is the lesion located?
  • a. Cervical region
  • b. Lumbar region
  • c. Dorsal region
  • d. Coccygeal region
Correct Answer: b
67. Which components constitute the "lethal triad" in trauma patients?
  • a. Coagulopathy, hyperthermia, and acidosis
  • b. Coagulopathy, hypothermia, and acidosis
  • c. Coagulopathy, hypothermia, and alkalosis
  • d. Loss of consciousness, dilated pupils, and decreased reflexes
Correct Answer: b
68. A patient presents with a tibial fracture and an open wound where the bone is visible. What is the most appropriate management?
  • a. Internal fixation
  • b. Bone graft
  • c. External fixation
  • d. Conservative management
Correct Answer: c
69. Which artery is at greatest risk of injury during a fracture of the humeral head?
  • a. Anterior circumflex humeral artery
  • b. Brachial artery
  • c. Posterior circumflex humeral artery
  • d. Radial artery
Correct Answer: c
70. A 7-year-old child presents with a 3-day history of fever and hip pain. Physical examination reveals a positive FABER test. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Developmental dysplasia of the hip
  • b. Tuberculosis of the hip
  • c. Septic arthritis of the hip
  • d. Hip fracture
Correct Answer: c
71. A 40-year-old male presents with profuse epistaxis. The bleeding site cannot be visualized on anterior nasal examination. What is the next best step?
  • a. Posterior nasal packing
  • b. Chemical cautery
  • c. Anterior nasal packing
  • d. Electrocautery
Correct Answer: c
72. What is the most common presenting symptom of glottic carcinoma of the larynx?
  • a. Dysphagia
  • b. Cough
  • c. Hoarseness
  • d. Stridor
Correct Answer: c
73. The phenomenon where auditory symptoms are exacerbated by loud sounds is known as:
  • a. Hyperacusis
  • b. Hennebert sign
  • c. Tullio phenomenon
  • d. Fistula sign
Correct Answer: c
74. A 34-year-old female presents with sneezing, nasal itching, and congestion triggered by exposure to dust and pollen. The symptoms vary by season. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Atopic rhinitis
  • b. Acute sinusitis
  • c. Allergic rhinitis
  • d. Recurrent sinusitis
Correct Answer: c
75. A patient is diagnosed with squamous-type chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). What is the appropriate surgical management?
  • a. Modified Radical Mastoidectomy (MRM) only
  • b. MRM with Tympanoplasty
  • c. Tympanoplasty only
  • d. Myringotomy
Correct Answer: b
76. Which of the following is considered the gold standard non-surgical management for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
  • a. Weight reduction
  • b. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
  • c. High-frequency nasal flow
  • d. Endotracheal intubation
Correct Answer: b
77. Which investigation is the best tool for monitoring and evaluating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
  • a. EEG
  • b. CT scan
  • c. 24-hour polysomnography
  • d. ECG
Correct Answer: c
78. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is strongly associated with which of the following viral infections?
  • a. Herpes simplex virus
  • b. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
  • c. Parvovirus B19
  • d. Infectious mononucleosis virus
Correct Answer: b
79. In a patient suspected of having non-organic (functional) hearing loss, which OPD-based test is used for evaluation?
  • a. Distraction test
  • b. Tuning fork test
  • c. Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA)
  • d. Tympanogram
Correct Answer: c
80. A patient previously treated for otitis media now presents with hearing loss, vertigo, and nausea. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Meniere’s disease
  • b. Labyrinthitis
  • c. Tympanic membrane perforation
  • d. Ototoxicity
Correct Answer: b
81. A very young child presents with a well-circumscribed, white polypoidal mass containing calcifications projecting into the vitreous. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Congenital cataract
  • b. Coloboma of the choroid
  • c. Retinoblastoma
  • d. Exudative retinopathy of Coats
Correct Answer: c
82. A patient presents with painless discharge and blurring of vision. What is the most probable diagnosis?
  • a. Glaucoma
  • b. Viral keratoconjunctivitis
  • c. Optic neuritis
  • d. Bacterial conjunctivitis
Correct Answer: b
83. What is the initial treatment of choice for a newborn presenting with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction?
  • a. Probing
  • b. Lacrimal sac massage
  • c. Dacryocystorhinostomy
  • d. Rhinostomy
Correct Answer: b
84. Which structure of the eye possesses the highest refractive power?
  • a. Lens
  • b. Vitreous humor
  • c. Retina
  • d. Cornea
Correct Answer: d
85. A patient presents with left-sided vision loss in both eyes (left homonymous hemianopia). Where is the lesion most likely located in the visual pathway?
  • a. Left optic tract
  • b. Right optic tract
  • c. Optic chiasma
  • d. Right optic nerve
Correct Answer: b
86. A 70-year-old patient presents with painless, blurred vision. Retinoscopy reveals flame-shaped hemorrhages. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
  • b. Optic neuritis
  • c. Glaucoma
  • d. Retinal detachment
Correct Answer: a
87. A 45-year-old male presents with right lower limb numbness and a history of previous right-sided weakness. He also reports blurred vision specifically while bathing with hot water. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Labyrinthitis
  • b. CVA
  • c. Glaucoma
  • d. Optic neuritis
Correct Answer: d
88. Which of the following anesthetic agents is contraindicated in a patient with bronchial asthma?
  • a. Midazolam
  • b. Thiopentone
  • c. Ketamine
  • d. Fentanyl
Correct Answer: b
89. In anesthesia, the "sniffing position" is best described as:
  • a. Flexion of the head and neck
  • b. Extension of the head and neck
  • c. Extension of the head and flexion of the neck
  • d. Extension of the neck and flexion of the head
Correct Answer: c
90. A patient develops urinary retention following the administration of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade. Which drug is used for reversal?
  • a. Epinephrine
  • b. Neostigmine
  • c. Glycopyrrolate
  • d. Oxygen
Correct Answer: b
91. Which oxygen delivery device is most suitable for providing a fixed and predetermined concentration of oxygen?
  • a. Nasal prongs
  • b. Venturi mask
  • c. Face mask
  • d. CPAP
Correct Answer: b
92. During anesthetic induction, the process of replacing alveolar nitrogen with oxygen to prolong the safe period of apnea is called:
  • a. Nitrogenation
  • b. Denitrogenation
  • c. Flushing
  • d. Desaturation
Correct Answer: b
93. Which of the following is currently the most commonly used drug for tracheal intubation?
  • a. Succinylcholine
  • b. Cisatracurium
  • c. Pancuronium
  • d. Rocuronium
Correct Answer: d
94. Which of the following is the inhalational anesthetic agent of choice for pediatric patients?
  • a. Halothane
  • b. Desflurane
  • c. Sevoflurane
  • d. Isoflurane
Correct Answer: c
95. A 25-year-old female presents with shortness of breath, chest tightness, palpitations, and a feeling of impending doom. What is the provisional diagnosis?
  • a. Asthma
  • b. STEMI
  • c. Unstable angina
  • d. Panic attack
Correct Answer: d
96. A 10-year-old boy frequently fights at school, bullies peers, harms animals, and lacks remorse. What type of behavioral problem does he likely have?
  • a. Conduct disorder
  • b. Adjustment disorder
  • c. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  • d. Antisocial personality disorder
Correct Answer: a
97. Which of the following features most reliably differentiates psychosis from neurosis?
  • a. Severity of symptoms
  • b. Clinical features
  • c. Level of insight
  • d. Duration of illness
Correct Answer: c
98. A patient on long-term atypical antipsychotics develops rapid eye blinking, chewing motions, and repetitive finger movements. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Parkinsonism
  • b. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
  • c. Tardive dyskinesia
  • d. Malignant hyperthermia
Correct Answer: c
99. A 35-year-old female reports mood swings, anxiety, and insomnia occurring 2–3 days before each menstrual period. What is the drug of choice for this condition?
  • a. Anxiolytics
  • b. SSRI
  • c. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
  • d. Antipsychotics
Correct Answer: b
100. A chronic alcoholic presents with restlessness, palpitations, agitation, and tremors after 6 hours of abstinence. What is the most appropriate management?
  • a. Diazepam
  • b. Haloperidol
  • c. Naloxone
  • d. Propranolol
Correct Answer: a
101. A 29-year-old woman is violent, aggressive, and abusive in the psychiatric OPD. What is the next step in her management?
  • a. SSRI
  • b. Diazepam
  • c. Haloperidol
  • d. TCA
Correct Answer: c
102. Which of the following structures forms the right border of the lung hilum on a chest X-ray?
  • a. SVC and right atrium
  • b. IVC and right atrium
  • c. Right superior pulmonary vein and right descending pulmonary artery
  • d. Right inferior pulmonary vein and right ascending pulmonary artery
Correct Answer: c
103. X-ray findings showing cupping and splaying of the metaphysis are most characteristic of which diagnosis?
  • a. Scurvy
  • b. Osteomalacia
  • c. Rickets
  • d. Osteogenesis imperfecta
Correct Answer: c
104. A patient's serum creatinine increases by more than 25% from baseline 48 hours after receiving IV contrast. What is the recommended management?
  • a. IV Normal Saline (NS) infusion
  • b. N-Acetylcysteine
  • c. Fluid restriction
  • d. Fenoldopam
Correct Answer: a
105. Radiation therapy primarily causes cell death through which mechanism?
  • a. Necrosis
  • b. Cell atrophy
  • c. Apoptosis
  • d. Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: c
106. A patient presents with vomiting, abdominal pain, distension, and constipation. An abdominal X-ray reveals multiple central air-fluid levels. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Large bowel obstruction
  • b. Small bowel obstruction
  • c. Volvulus
  • d. Anal atresia
Correct Answer: b
107. A patient recently treated for COVID-19 develops new symptoms of pneumonia two weeks into isolation. What is the investigation of choice?
  • a. RT-PCR
  • b. Plain CT chest
  • c. HRCT chest
  • d. Chest X-ray
Correct Answer: c
108. A CT scan of a CVA patient shows a hemorrhage in the right Sylvian fissure. What is the most common source of bleeding in this location?
  • a. Middle meningeal artery
  • b. Anterior communicating artery
  • c. Middle cerebral artery
  • d. Posterior communicating artery
Correct Answer: c
109. A patient presents with a long-standing, painless, and anesthetic skin lesion. Physical exam reveals a thickened, palpable ulnar nerve. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Psoriasis
  • b. Leprosy
  • c. Ulnar neuritis
  • d. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: b
110. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
  • a. Type II
  • b. Type I
  • c. Type III
  • d. Type IV
Correct Answer: c
111. A 28-year-old patient presents with flat, purplish, itchy rashes on the pretibial region of the lower leg. Nail changes are also noted. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Psoriasis
  • b. Scabies
  • c. Chickenpox
  • d. Lichen planus
Correct Answer: d
112. A teenager presents with a thin, foul-smelling, yellow-greenish vaginal discharge and pruritus. She is currently using Doxycycline for facial lesions. What is the most likely cause?
  • a. Bacterial
  • b. Fungal
  • c. Protozoal
  • d. Viral
Correct Answer: c
113. A school-aged child presents with patchy hair loss. Which investigation is most appropriate to diagnose the cause?
  • a. Wood's lamp
  • b. Trichoscopy
  • c. Skin biopsy
  • d. KOH mount
Correct Answer: d
114. A woman presents with vaginal discharge and burning micturition. Examination shows infection of both the vagina and cervix. From which site should the sample be taken for investigation?
  • a. Vaginal swab
  • b. Endocervical swab
  • c. Urine microscopy
  • d. Blood investigation
Correct Answer: b
115. Which of the following skin lesions is specifically associated with Tuberculosis infection?
  • a. Erythema infectiosum
  • b. Erythema multiforme
  • c. Erythema subitum
  • d. Erythema nodosum
Correct Answer: d
116. At what point during intrauterine life does the uteroplacental circulation begin?
  • a. 3 weeks
  • b. 8 weeks
  • c. 12 weeks
  • d. 2 weeks
Correct Answer: d
117. When palpating a patient with splenomegaly, which anatomical landmark is felt?
  • a. Superior border
  • b. Anterior border
  • c. Anterobasal angle
  • d. Inferior border
Correct Answer: c
118. After supplying the parotid gland, the retromandibular vein contributes to the formation of which vein?
  • a. Internal jugular vein
  • b. External jugular vein
  • c. Facial vein
  • d. Maxillary vein
Correct Answer: b
119. Which of the following arteries is ligated during a left hemicolectomy?
  • a. Superior mesenteric artery
  • b. Celiac trunk
  • c. Inferior mesenteric artery
  • d. Hepatic artery
Correct Answer: c
120. Which nerve block can be utilized to manage severe abdominal pain associated with chronic pancreatitis?
  • a. Phrenic nerve
  • b. Celiac plexus
  • c. Pancreatic nerve
  • d. Iliohypogastric nerve
Correct Answer: b
121. Which part of the gall bladder is entirely covered by the peritoneum?
  • a. Body
  • b. Neck
  • c. Fundus
  • d. Tail
Correct Answer: c
122. A patient presents with pain, numbness, and loss of sensation over the outer aspect of the thigh. Which nerve is most likely affected?
  • a. Sciatic nerve
  • b. Saphenous nerve
  • c. Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  • d. Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Correct Answer: c
123. A patient reporting intermittent claudication experiences pain and cramping in the calf during exertion. What is the primary source of this problem?
  • a. Neuronal
  • b. Muscular
  • c. Arterial
  • d. Bony
Correct Answer: c
124. An injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve would affect which of the following muscles?
  • a. Posterior cricoarytenoid
  • b. Cricothyroid
  • c. Thyrohyoid
  • d. Lateral cricoarytenoid
Correct Answer: b
125. Which of the following describes the boundaries of the femoral canal?
  • a. Inguinal ligament anteriorly and femoral vein laterally
  • b. Inguinal ligament anteriorly and lacunar ligament posteriorly
  • c. Pectineus muscle anteriorly and inguinal ligament posteriorly
  • d. Inguinal ligament anteriorly and femoral vein medially
Correct Answer: a
126. Scalp injuries generally heal more quickly than injuries at other sites. What is the primary reason for this rapid healing?
  • a. Galeal aponeurosis
  • b. High vascularity of the scalp
  • c. Thick periosteum
  • d. Low vascularity of the scalp
Correct Answer: b
127. A patient presents with a loss of sensation over the gluteal region and the sole of the foot. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. S1 and S2 radiculopathy
  • b. S1 radiculopathy
  • c. L1-L3 radiculopathy
  • d. L1 radiculopathy
Correct Answer: b
128. According to the sources, the short-term regulation of blood pressure is maintained by the:
  • a. ADH
  • b. ANP
  • c. Kidney
  • d. Lungs
Correct Answer: c
129. Which of the following structural proteins is primarily responsible for maintaining the biconcave shape of an RBC?
  • a. Spectrin
  • b. Glycophorin
  • c. Stomatin
  • d. RHAG
Correct Answer: a
130. A patient with a 5 cm mass in the upper pole of the kidney has a Hb of 24 g/dl, while other lab values are normal. What is the most likely cause of the elevated hemoglobin?
  • a. Pheochromocytoma
  • b. Increased erythropoietin production
  • c. Bone marrow infiltration
  • d. Renin secretion
Correct Answer: b
131. In a case of severe asthma with a "silent chest," decreased respiration observed after hyperventilation is primarily due to:
  • a. Increased pH
  • b. Increased O2
  • c. Decreased CO2
  • d. Increased HCO3
Correct Answer: c
132. A 41-year-old male has a cardiac output of 3.5 L/min, a heart rate of 95 bpm, and an ejection fraction (EF) of 0.4. What is his end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
  • a. 72 ml
  • b. 95 ml
  • c. 92 ml
  • d. 75 ml
Correct Answer: c
133. During a cardiac procedure, pressure in the superior vena cava reaches 5 mmHg. Which substance is released in response to the stretching of the atrial walls?
  • a. ANP
  • b. Epinephrine
  • c. ACE
  • d. Dobutamine
Correct Answer: a
134. Parasympathetic supply to the eye originates from the ciliary ganglion. What is the associated nucleus for this pathway?
  • a. Nucleus ambiguus
  • b. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
  • c. Nucleus tractus solitarius
  • d. Superior salivatory nucleus
Correct Answer: b
135. Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature?
  • a. Thalamus
  • b. Anterior hypothalamus
  • c. Habenula
  • d. Lateral nucleus
Correct Answer: b
136. When environmental carbon monoxide (CO) levels exceed the threshold, what is the most common initial symptom?
  • a. Nausea
  • b. Headache
  • c. Muscle weakness
  • d. Respiratory depression
Correct Answer: b
137. Which system in the brain is primarily responsible for controlling emotions?
  • a. Hippocampus
  • b. Hypothalamus
  • c. Limbic system
  • d. Thalamus
Correct Answer: c
138. During a neurological exam, improvement in two-point discrimination is achieved through which physiological mechanism?
  • a. Medial inhibition
  • b. Lateral inhibition
  • c. Convergence
  • d. Summation
Correct Answer: b
139. Which proprioceptor provides information during the isometric contraction/relation of skeletal muscle?
  • a. Golgi spindle
  • b. Golgi tendon organ
  • c. Golgi body
  • d. Muscle fiber
Correct Answer: b
140. A histopathological sample reveals hair, muscle, and bone within the same specimen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Immature teratoma
  • b. Mature cystic teratoma
  • c. Serous cystadenoma
  • d. Yolk sac tumor
Correct Answer: b
141. Which condition is characterized by a "bone-in-bone" appearance on an X-ray?
  • a. Osteoporosis
  • b. Osteomalacia
  • c. Osteopetrosis
  • d. Hypercalcemia
Correct Answer: c
142. Which of the following disorders is NOT characterized by abnormal protein or metal deposition in the liver?
  • a. Wilson's disease
  • b. Gaucher's disease
  • c. Tay-Sachs disease
  • d. Hemochromatosis
Correct Answer: c
143. Which type of parotid tumor is most likely to involve or invade the facial nerve?
  • a. Pleomorphic adenoma
  • b. Warthin's tumor
  • c. Adenoid cystic carcinoma
  • d. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Correct Answer: c
144. A lady presents with fever and a painful thyroid gland. Radioactive iodine uptake is less than 1%. What is the diagnosis?
  • a. Grave's disease
  • b. Toxic nodule
  • c. Subacute thyroiditis
  • d. Struma ovarii
Correct Answer: c
145. Dark mottling dots seen on light microscopy following a myocardial infarction are due to:
  • a. Ongoing coagulative necrosis
  • b. Myofibril disarray
  • c. Granulation tissue formation
  • d. Macrophage infiltration
Correct Answer: a
146. Which statement regarding nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is true?
  • a. It is associated with HIV
  • b. It is endemic in Asia
  • c. It is linked with testosterone levels
  • d. It is frequently associated with anosmia
Correct Answer: c
147. What is the most common site for penile carcinoma?
  • a. Base
  • b. Prepuce
  • c. Glans
  • d. Shaft
Correct Answer: c
148. Chemotherapeutic agents are often emetogenic because they stimulate which specific receptors?
  • a. D2 receptors
  • b. D1 receptors
  • c. 5-HT3 receptors
  • d. H1 receptors
Correct Answer: c
149. In a patient with pneumonia that is resistant to vancomycin, what is the next appropriate drug to use?
  • a. Piperacillin
  • b. Aminoglycosides
  • c. Linezolid
  • d. Tazobactam
Correct Answer: c
150. Which drug serves as both an anti-helminthic and an immunomodulatory agent?
  • a. Albendazole
  • b. Levamisole
  • c. Metronidazole
  • d. Pyrantel pamoate
Correct Answer: b
151. Which class of drugs should ideally be administered alongside morphine to manage side effects?
  • a. Paracetamol
  • b. Codeine
  • c. Antiemetics
  • d. Ibuprofen
Correct Answer: c
152. All of the following are hepatic enzyme inducers EXCEPT:
  • a. Rifampicin
  • b. Phenytoin
  • c. Ketoconazole
  • d. Phenobarbitone
Correct Answer: c
153. Which of the following drugs is considered cardioprotective in cases of congestive cardiac failure?
  • a. Diuretics
  • b. Digoxin
  • c. Enalapril
  • d. Amiloride
Correct Answer: c
154. A patient in the ER presents with hypotension and hypovolemia after prolonged diuretic use. Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypokalemia?
  • a. Furosemide
  • b. Hydrochlorothiazide
  • c. Spironolactone
  • d. None of the above
Correct Answer: c
155. An elderly patient develops diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea after 10 days of antibiotic therapy for a respiratory infection. Which drug is used to treat this condition?
  • a. Albendazole
  • b. Clindamycin
  • c. Metronidazole
  • d. Pyrantel pamoate
Correct Answer: c
156. In the management of hyperkalemia, which of the following is NOT used to actually reduce the potassium levels in the blood?
  • a. Furosemide
  • b. Insulin
  • c. Calcium gluconate
  • d. Salbutamol
Correct Answer: c
157. A person traveling to a malaria-endemic area has an unknown G6PD status. Which drug should be prescribed for malaria prophylaxis?
  • a. Primaquine
  • b. Mefloquine
  • c. Doxycycline
  • d. Quinine
Correct Answer: c
158. A newly married woman with a history of dyslipidemia seeks contraceptive advice. What is the most appropriate method for her?
  • a. OCP
  • b. Progestin-only pill
  • c. IUCD
  • d. Minilap
Correct Answer: c
159. The ability of drugs that are impermeable to the cell membrane to cross depends primarily on which property?
  • a. Hydrogen bonding
  • b. High molecular weight
  • c. Lipid solubility
  • d. Change in ionic charge
Correct Answer: c
160. During periods of starvation, what does the brain use as its primary source of fuel other than glucose?
  • a. Fat
  • b. Amino acids
  • c. Hydroxybutyrate
  • d. Acetic acid
Correct Answer: c
161. An elderly male patient presents with increased urinary frequency, nocturia, and difficulty both starting and stopping the urinary stream. Which of the following is the most potent hormone responsible for developing the cause of these symptoms?
  • a. Testosterone
  • b. Dihydrotestosterone
  • c. Progesterone
  • d. Androstenedione
Correct Answer: b
162. A defect in carnitine metabolism primarily leads to which of the following conditions?
  • a. Hypoketotic hypoglycemia
  • b. Hypoketotic hyperglycemia
  • c. Hyperketotic hypoglycemia
  • d. Hepatosplenomegaly
Correct Answer: a
163. Which of the following conditions results from a failure to repair double-strand breaks in DNA?
  • a. Xeroderma Pigmentosum
  • b. Marfan Syndrome
  • c. Ataxia telangiectasia
  • d. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Correct Answer: c
164. Which of the following hormones exerts its primary action by increasing the intracellular cAMP system?
  • a. Dopamine
  • b. Epinephrine
  • c. Dobutamine
  • d. TSH
Correct Answer: b
165. When performing a hormonal study to evaluate the menstrual cycle, on which day is the FSH level typically tested?
  • a. 3rd day
  • b. 8th day
  • c. 14th day
  • d. 22nd day
Correct Answer: a
166. A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with a cataract. Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the formation of the cataract in this case?
  • a. Coagulation of lens protein
  • b. Denaturation of lens protein
  • c. Lens detachment
  • d. Lens subluxation
Correct Answer: b
167. A 27-year-old female has been using combined oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for 7 years. Which of the following is a potential side effect?
  • a. Secondary hyperlipidemia
  • b. Infertility
  • c. Renal failure
  • d. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Correct Answer: a
168. As a healthcare professional, you know the normal flora of the body. Which site is the most common location for Staphylococcus aureus?
  • a. Skin
  • b. Throat
  • c. Nose
  • d. GI Tract
Correct Answer: c
169. A diabetic patient presents with a foot lesion diagnosed as necrotizing fasciitis. Which organism is most commonly responsible for this condition?
  • a. Bacillus cereus
  • b. Clostridia
  • c. Staphylococcus aureus
  • d. Streptococcus
Correct Answer: b
170. Most dimorphic fungi can convert from mold to yeast forms under specific lab conditions. Which of the following is NOT a dimorphic fungus?
  • a. Histoplasma capsulatum
  • b. Cryptococcus
  • c. Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • d. Sporothrix schenckii
Correct Answer: b
171. Haemophilus influenzae is a fastidious, gram-negative organism. What is the standard culture medium used for its growth?
  • a. NNN medium
  • b. Blood Agar
  • c. Chocolate Agar
  • d. ADA medium
Correct Answer: c
172. In a patient suspected of having infective endocarditis, what is the recommended blood culture method to confirm the diagnosis?
  • a. 3 sets of optimal samples from peripheral sites within 6 hours
  • b. 2 sets of optimal samples from peripheral sites within 24 hours
  • c. 3 sets of optimal samples from peripheral sites within 24 hours
  • d. 2 sets of optimal samples from peripheral sites within 6 hours
Correct Answer: a
173. A traveler presents with a 2-day history of scanty, mucoid loose motions associated with abdominal cramps and tenesmus. He is febrile but has no blood in his stool. What is the most likely diagnosis?
  • a. Shigella dysentery
  • b. Streptococcus diarrhea
  • c. Salmonella infection
  • d. Klebsiella infection
Correct Answer: a
174. A patient presents with nausea and vomiting 1 to 2 hours after eating a burger at a restaurant. Which organism is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
  • a. Shigella
  • b. Staphylococcus aureus
  • c. Bacillus cereus
  • d. Clostridium
Correct Answer: b
175. Which of the following methods is used to sterilize culture medium plates and dishes?
  • a. Hot air oven
  • b. Autoclaving
  • c. Incineration
  • d. Pasteurization
Correct Answer: b
176. Hospital-acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, are a major concern. What is the most common route for these infections?
  • a. Airborne
  • b. Direct contact
  • c. Radiation
  • d. Vector-borne
Correct Answer: b
177. What is the term for the time period between the detection of a disease by a screening test and its detection through the onset of symptoms?
  • a. Survival time
  • b. Lead time
  • c. Incubation period
  • d. Screening period
Correct Answer: b
178. The combined beliefs of a group of individuals to act as a whole and the desired outcomes emerging from those actions is known as:
  • a. Efficiency
  • b. Efficacy
  • c. Effectiveness
  • d. Superiority
Correct Answer: c
179. In a specific data distribution, the mean is 9, the median is 6.8, and the mode is 3.4. This distribution is categorized as:
  • a. Negatively skewed
  • b. Positively skewed
  • c. Normal distribution
  • d. Non-skewed
Correct Answer: b
180. Which of the following agents is commonly found in floor cleaners?
  • a. Phenol
  • b. Chlorhexidine
  • c. Sodium Hypochlorite
  • d. Rectified spirit
Correct Answer: c
181. A researcher sets a hypothesis before analysis. The p-value results in 0.03–0.04, and the null hypothesis is accepted. Which statement is true?
  • a. The alternative hypothesis is falsely accepted
  • b. The null hypothesis is correct
  • c. The alternative hypothesis is correct
  • d. Both hypotheses are wrong at this p-value
Correct Answer: c
182. In a study on protein requirements, the mean is 40 g/day and the standard deviation is 10. What is the calculated daily requirement for protein?
  • a. 40 g/day
  • b. 50 g/day
  • c. 60 g/day
  • d. 30 g/day
Correct Answer: c
183. Which of the following diseases is likely to spread via drinking water from a well situated only 10 meters from a latrine?
  • a. Cyclops
  • b. Malaria
  • c. Salmonella
  • d. Leishmaniasis
Correct Answer: c
184. Which of the following is a recognized measure of dispersion?
  • a. Mean
  • b. Mean deviation
  • c. Quartile
  • d. Median
Correct Answer: b
185. A study involves 2000 cancer patients who are asked about their past exposure to radiation. What kind of study is this?
  • a. Case series
  • b. Case control
  • c. Retrospective cohort
  • d. Clinical trial
Correct Answer: c
186. Upon postmortem examination of a poisoning victim, a "red velvet" stomach is found. Which poison was likely ingested?
  • a. Mercury
  • b. Arsenic
  • c. Carbon monoxide
  • d. Hydrogen sulphide
Correct Answer: b
187. During a postmortem, a ligature mark is found above the thyroid cartilage, with contusions on the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the thyroid cornu. What is the most likely cause of death?
  • a. Ligature strangulation
  • b. Hanging
  • c. Throttling
  • d. Manual strangulation
Correct Answer: b
188. A person with a stab wound to the chest also has cuts on the ulnar side of the forearm. What is the forensic significance of these forearm cuts?
  • a. Defensive cuts
  • b. Hesitant cuts
  • c. Accidental cuts
  • d. Signs of sexual assault
Correct Answer: a
189. Which of the following is NOT determined by evaluating postmortem lividity (hypostasis)?
  • a. Time since death
  • b. Cause of death
  • c. Motive for the death
  • d. Position of the body during death
Correct Answer: c
190. A patient in the ER has ingested paracetamol, opium, and insecticide. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, flushing, constricted pupils, and unconsciousness. What is the primary cause of these specific symptoms?
  • a. Organophosphorus poisoning
  • b. Opiate overdose
  • c. Paracetamol overdose
  • d. Combined features of all ingestions
Correct Answer: b
191. Medical activities are bound by ethics. In which of the following scenarios can medical ethics be ethically breached?
  • a. When it favors the patient
  • b. When the patient forces the doctor
  • c. In the doctor's personal interest
  • d. When it is a matter of public concern
Correct Answer: d
192. Which of the following statements is true regarding patient confidentiality?
  • a. It is ethical but not a legal requirement
  • b. It is a matter of patient autonomy
  • c. It is strictly an ethical issue
  • d. It is a legal issue
Correct Answer: d
193. A doctor prescribes 500 mg of paracetamol TID. The pharmacist provides 250 mg tablets but fails to label the instructions to double the dosage. This is classified as:
  • a. Wrong prescription
  • b. Wrong labeling
  • c. Poor doctor-pharmacist relationship
  • d. Patient error
Correct Answer: a
194. In the scenario where a pharmacist fails to label dosage changes for a 250 mg substitute of a 500 mg prescription, what is the primary ethical issue?
  • a. Doctor's poor prescription
  • b. Pharmacist's poor labeling
  • c. Lack of communication between the prescriber and pharmacist
  • d. The patient taking two tablets by themselves
Correct Answer: c
195. When counseling an adolescent patient, which of the following is the most important factor to consider?
  • a. Listen carefully
  • b. Be provocative
  • c. Be extremely sensitive
  • d. Pay attention to their specific problems
Correct Answer: d
196. Which treatment guideline is appropriate for a terminal illness with a poor prognosis where death is imminent?
  • a. Hospice care
  • b. Surgical intervention
  • c. Standard pain management
  • d. No care at all
Correct Answer: a
197. Which of the following best describes the appropriate duration for quarantine during a pandemic?
  • a. 2 weeks
  • b. 4 weeks
  • c. The highest known incubation period of the pathogen
  • d. 10 days
Correct Answer: c
198. Which of the following procedures is NOT included in Basic Life Support (BLS)?
  • a. CPR
  • b. Intubation
  • c. Cardioversion
  • d. Activating the emergency response system
Correct Answer: b
199. While performing CPR on a patient in cardiac arrest, which of the following is considered a FALSE sign of revival?
  • a. Sudden rise in end-tidal CO2
  • b. Change from VF to VT
  • c. Palpable carotid pulsation
  • d. Rise in intra-arterial blood pressure
Correct Answer: b
200. Which of the following features suggests that CPR should be stopped in an unconscious patient?
  • a. Arterial pulsation during CPR
  • b. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)
  • c. Fracture of the ribs
  • d. Compression depth exceeding 5 inches
Correct Answer: b

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