Past Year Topics PYT

CEE PG MD/MS Past Year Topics

Select a subject to view topics covered in past CEE PG MD/MS examinations based on the sources.

• Sensory innervation of the face and dental pulp (Trigeminal nerve)
• Termination of the spinal cord (L1 level) and cauda equina
• Somatic sensation of external hemorrhoids (Pudendal nerve)
• Accessory organs of the gastrointestinal system vs. lymphoid organs (Spleen)
• Blood supply distribution of the liver (Portal vein vs. Hepatic artery)
• Major support of the cervical portion of the uterus (Transverse cervical ligament)
• Contents and relations of the femoral sheath
• Parasympathetic supply to submandibular glands (Preganglionic fibers/Superior salivary nucleus)
• Rotator cuff muscles and their functions (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis)
• Lung lobe anatomy related to X-ray obscurity (Right middle lobe/Right heart border)
• Histology of the respiratory tract (Pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
• Primary blood supply to the gallbladder (Cystic artery)
• Primary blood supply to the fundus of the stomach (Short gastric arteries)
• Purely endocrine retroperitoneal organs (Suprarenal gland)
• Coronary artery dominance (Left vs. Right)
• Layers of the placenta (Decidua basalis)
• Weakest part of the posterior pharyngeal wall (Killian’s dehiscence)
• Rugosity and pigmentation of the scrotum (Dartos muscle)
• Embryological causes of imperforate anus
• Remnants of the paramesonephric duct in males (Appendix of testis)
• Boundaries of Calot’s triangle
• Normal carrying angle of the elbow
• Function of the Orbicularis oculi muscle
• Pharyngeal pouch derivatives (Hypocalcemia/Thymus)
• Mechanism of sperm motility and capacitation timing
• Formation of the medial lemniscus
• Embryological origin of renal agenesis
• Sources of bleeding in epistaxis (Kiesselbach plexus)
• Paranasal sinus development timeline
• Sites of hematopoiesis in the embryo

• ADH release triggers (Serum osmolality)
• Regulation of cerebral blood flow in ischemic areas (Cerebral perfusion pressure)
• Parameters of high-altitude acclimatization
• Calculation of alveolar ventilation (Tidal volume, Dead space, Respiratory rate)
• Respiratory rate increase during exercise (Proprioception receptors)
• Muscles involved in labored expiration (Abdominal recti, Internal intercostals)
• Regulation of total peripheral resistance (Alpha-1 receptors)
• Composition of cryoprecipitate (Absent factors)
• Sensory pathways for pain and temperature (Lateral spinothalamic tract)
• Skin reflexes and layers (Goosebumps/Arrector pili)
• Preserve pituitary-adrenal function post-surgery (Aldosterone)
• Fick’s principle for cardiac output
• Sequential loss of sensation in hypesthesia
• Alveolar-arterial (A-a) oxygen gradient
• Transition from fetal to adult hemoglobin
• Functions of the Frontal lobe (Planning/Problem solving)
• Effects of brainstem transection on breathing
• Physiological changes during isotonic exercise
• Somatic motor efferent innervation
• Factors regulating parathyroid hormone (Ionized calcium)
• Insulin metabolism in adipocytes
• Vitamin deficiencies following ileum resection
• Pulse oximetry inaccuracies
• Pathways of the spinal cord (Lateral spinothalamic)
• Parameters remaining constant in pulmonary and systemic circulation
• Assessment of synthetic function of the liver
• Nature of sympathetic endings in the adrenal medulla
• Short-term regulation of blood pressure
• Factors maintaining RBC shape
• Temperature control centers (Anterior hypothalamus)

• Vitamin B12 deficiency diagnosis (Urinary methylmalonic acid)
• Indicators of hemolytic jaundice (Urobilinogen/Absent bilirubin in urine)
• Differentiation of hemoglobin and myoglobin (Molecular size)
• HMP pathway enzymes (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)
• Mutation types leading to stop codons (Nonsense mutation)
• Sites of primary heme synthesis (Bone marrow)
• Enzymes involved in lipogenesis (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
• Glycogen storage diseases (Pompe disease/Alpha 1,4 glucosidase)
• Diagnosis of Sickle Hemoglobin (Electrophoretic mobility)
• Sequence of protein export (Ribosome to Plasma membrane)
• Template used for PCR (Double-stranded DNA)
• Manifestations of carnitine defect
• Hereditary amino acid metabolism defects (Phenylketonuria/Albinism)
• Vitamins toxic to the liver
• Proofreading activity of DNA (3' to 5' exonuclease)
• Methylated bases in nucleic acids (Thymine)
• Rationale for glucose in ORS
• Conversion of Acetyl CoA
• Retinal requirements for conversion to retinol (NADPH)
• Arginosuccinate synthase deficiency (Increased citrulline)
• Vitamin K requirements for carboxylation
• Proteins for joining sister chromatids (Cohesin)
• Calculation of base percentages in DNA (Adenine vs Cytosine)
• Brain fuel sources during starvation (Hydroxybutyrate)
• Hormones involved in BPH development (Dihydrotestosterone)
• Defects in Carnitine metabolism
• Repair of double-strand breaks in DNA
• Hormones increasing cAMP system
• FSH levels in the menstrual cycle
• Mechanisms of cataract formation

• Characteristic features of severe Hemophilia A (Factor VIII)
• Identification of Auer rods (AML)
• Characteristic findings of Barrett’s esophagus (Metaplasia)
• Pathology of Myasthenia Gravis (ACh Receptor antibodies)
• Risk factors for Tumor Lysis Syndrome (Hyperleukocytosis)
• Origin of leukotrienes (Mast cells)
• FNAC findings in Papillary thyroid carcinoma (Orphan Annie eye nuclei)
• Lobes involved in BPH urinary retention (Median lobe)
• Types of hypoxia in pneumonia (Hypoxic hypoxia)
• Gross pathology of amyloidosis (Lardaceous vs. Sago spleen)
• Hemoglobin changes in Beta thalassemia trait (Increased HbA2)
• Primary organelle regulating apoptosis (Mitochondria)
• Types of calcification (Metastatic vs. Dystrophic)
• Diagnosis of Membranous nephropathy (Spike and dome appearance)
• Hypersensitivity reaction in erythroblastosis fetalis (Type II)
• Sputum findings in asthma (Curschmann spirals)
• Rouleaux formation causes (Multiple myeloma)
• Microscopy of Burkitt’s lymphoma (Starry sky pattern)
• Micronutrient accumulation in Wilson’s disease (Copper)
• Collagen type 1 deficiency (Osteogenesis imperfecta)
• Common types of bladder carcinoma
• Alzheimer's disease pathology
• Metastasis sites for Renal Cell Carcinoma
• Pathologic calcification in hyperparathyroidism
• Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (Primary biliary cholangitis)
• Main cause of malignant intravascular coagulation
• Gastric carcinoma markers (P53)
• Premalignant polyps
• Hallmark of irreversible injury
• Findings in Thalassemia minor (HbA2)

• Rapid and sensitive tests for Tuberculosis (GeneXpert)
• Virulence factors in E. coli UTIs (Fimbriae)
• Staining for malaria parasites (Giemsa stain)
• Media for lactose vs. non-lactose fermenters (MacConkey agar)
• Mechanisms of natural active immunity
• Primary methods for antibiotic sensitivity testing (Disc diffusion)
• Sterilization of spores (Autoclave)
• Infective forms of Plasmodium (Sporozoite)
• Widal test classification (Indirect agglutination)
• Sterilization of liquids (Pasteurization)
• Isolation media for E. coli O157:H7 (Sorbitol MacConkey)
• Common media for antibiotic sensitivity (Muller-Hinton agar)
• Indole-negative organisms (Proteus mirabilis)
• Sterilization of vaccines (Filtration)
• Media for Haemophilus and Neisseria (Chocolate agar)
• Diagnosis of Mycetoma
• Causative organism isolation in liver abscess
• Organisms differentiating T and B cell infection
• Drug of choice for Brucella
• Characteristic appearance of Mollicutes (Fried egg)
• Causes of ground-glass opacity on chest X-ray
• Organisms causing food poisoning without blood in diarrhea
• Organisms in cat bite wounds
• Indices for leprosy skin smears
• Samples for N. gonorrhoeae
• Negative stains (Nigrosine)
• Action of Cholera toxin (GM1 gangliosides)
• Agents in floor cleaners
• Dimorphic fungi classification
• Blood culture methods for endocarditis

• Rationale for dose adjustment of Amphotericin B (Renal failure)
• Antifibrinolytic agents (Tranexamic acid)
• Side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers (Reflex tachycardia)
• Side effects of ACE inhibitors (Dry cough/Bradykinin)
• Drugs for motion sickness prevention (Hyoscine)
• Iodine-containing anti-arrhythmics (Amiodarone)
• Interaction of Levodopa and MAOIs (Hypertensive crisis)
• Mechanism of Cyclophosphamide (DNA alkylation)
• Urinary alkalization in Methotrexate therapy
• Action of Pilocarpine on the pupil (Miosis)
• Direct thrombin inhibitors (Dabigatran)
• Longest-acting corticosteroids (Betamethasone)
• Effects of corticosteroids on blood counts (Neutrophilia/Eosinopenia)
• Mechanism of Amphotericin B (Pore formation)
• Immediate treatment for opioid overdose (Naloxone)
• ART interactions with anti-TB drugs (Rifampicin)
• Definitions of drug tolerance and dependence
• Personal (P) drug selection criteria
• Primary mechanism of corticosteroids in asthma (Phospholipase A2 inhibition)
• Alternative treatments for PID with penicillin allergy (Clindamycin)
• Side effects of Salbutamol (Tachycardia)
• Precipitation of Digoxin toxicity
• Rationale for Atropine and Diphenoxylate combination
• FDA Drug Risk categories in pregnancy
• Prophylactic drugs before Cisplatin (Folinic acid)
• P-drug definitions
• Drug of choice for postural hypotension (Fludrocortisone)
• Side effects of OCPs
• Antihelminthic and immunogenic drugs (Levamisole)
• Enzyme inducers vs. non-inducers

• Improving PT/INR in obstructive jaundice (Vitamin K)
• Use of oxygen therapy in altitude sickness
• Serological markers of HBsAg (Chronic hepatitis)
• Diagnostic tests for Cystic Fibrosis (Sweat chloride)
• Characteristics of mitral stenosis (Hemoptysis)
• Laboratory findings in Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Sensitive tests for DIC (FDP/D-dimer)
• Manifestations of portal hypertension
• Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis (Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy)
• Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism (Chronic renal failure)
• Management of hyperkalemia (Furosemide/Insulin)
• Late features of acromegaly (Coarse facial features)
• Diagnostic statements on polycythemia vera
• Diagnosis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
• Investigation of choice for Pulmonary Embolism (CT angiography)
• Investigations for hyperpigmentation (Blood glucose/Acanthosis nigricans)
• Management range for INR in DVT
• Indications for Somatostatin analogs
• Management of Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis
• Causes of sudden cardiac death in athletes (HOCM)
• Causes of hyponatremia in diabetic patients
• Mechanism of carotid massage
• Investigation for pleural effusion with asbestos exposure
• Imaging agents for myocardial perfusion
• Management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy
• Causes of endocarditis post-prosthetic valve replacement
• Diagnosis of Central Cord Syndrome
• Complications of rapid saline correction in hyponatremia (Osmotic demyelination)
• Signs of HSP in pediatric patients
• Flapping tremor associations

• Causes of spastic neurogenic bladder (Spinal cord injury)
• Treatment of Grade II hemorrhoids (Banding)
• Symptoms of strangulated hernia
• Causes of TURP syndrome (Water intoxication)
• Causes of noninflammatory visceral pain (Mesenteric ischemia)
• Membranes of hydatid cyst (Endocyst)
• Grading of internal hemorrhoids prolapse
• Use of Ranson criteria in acute pancreatitis
• Identification of radiolucent kidney stones (Uric acid)
• Diagnosis of hematocele
• Preferred gas for pneumoperitoneum (CO2)
• Significance of Murphy’s sign
• Causes of obstructive jaundice (Tumor of pancreatic head)
• Indications for ERCP (CBD stone)
• Preparation for subtotal thyroidectomy (Lugol’s iodine)
• Components of triple regimen for H. pylori
• Common site for Mallory-Weiss tear
• Most common site for hydatid cyst (Liver)
• Most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm
• Management of tension pneumothorax
• Ideal time for cleft lip repair
• Thoracocentesis landmarks
• Metabolic disorders in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
• Primary assessment in trauma (Disability/GCS)
• Initial management of subcutaneous emphysema
• Structures differentiating inguinal hernias (Inferior epigastric artery)
• Most effective method to measure hydration post-resuscitation
• Line of management for epidural hemorrhage
• Parameters to monitor hydration postoperatively (Urine output)
• Management of advanced gastric cancer with liver nodules

• Management of previous 3rd-degree perineal tears (Elective CS)
• Management of acetowhite areas on VIA (Screen and treat)
• Color change with acetic acid in cervical cancer (White)
• Most common cause of postpartum death in Nepal (Hemorrhage)
• Investigation of choice for ectopic pregnancy (Transvaginal sonography)
• Mechanism of action of Copper IUD (Spermicidal)
• Side effects of Misoprostol (Shivering/Fever)
• Diagnosis of Vulvovaginal candidiasis (Pruritus/Curdy discharge)
• Presentation of placenta previa (Painless bleeding)
• Management of retained placenta (Manual removal)
• Antihypertensive of choice in preeclampsia with asthma (Nifedipine)
• Management of hyperthyroidism in first trimester (PTU)
• Treatment of Stage IIb cervical carcinoma
• Contraindicated methods for labor induction post-CS
• Management of molar pregnancy (Suction and evacuation)
• Diagnosis of inevitable abortion
• Contraindicated antihypertensives in pregnancy (Enalapril)
• Immunoglobulins in colostrum (IgA)
• Important diameters of the pelvis during labor
• Diagnosis of bicornuate uterus
• Components of post-coital contraceptives
• Causes of postmenopausal bleeding
• Management of recurrent abortion with anti-cardiolipin antibodies
• Management of abnormal PAP smear (Colposcopy)
• Causes of VVF
• Diagnosis of premature labor vs. abruptio placenta
• Management of irregular menses in thyroid patients
• Best contraception during lactation
• Next step for bilateral cornual block on HSG
• Diagnosis of chorioamnionitis

• Immediate management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Normal Saline)
• Definition of delayed puberty in females
• Best fluid management for hyponatremic dehydration (Normal Saline)
• Best management for battery lodged in esophagus (Endoscopic removal)
• Elevated bilirubin in breastfeeding jaundice (Unconjugated)
• Structure involved in RDS (Type II pneumocytes)
• Underlying condition in recurrent pediatric UTIs (Vesicoureteral reflux)
• Immediate needs in acute liver failure (Bedside blood glucose)
• Sensitive markers for spinal defects (Alpha-fetoprotein)
• Diagnosis of bronchial asthma criteria (FEV1 reversibility)
• Priority for rescue breaths in pediatric cardiac arrest (Hypoxia)
• Developmental milestones at 15 months
• Heart size in Tetralogy of Fallot
• Vaccination catch-up for MR and JE
• Diagnosis of sleep myoclonus
• Treatment of choice for Vitamin D-dependent rickets (Calcitriol)
• Changes during erythropoiesis in teenagers
• First-line treatment for PSVT (Adenosine)
• Management of Guillain-Barré syndrome (IVIG)
• Diagnosis of diabetes insipidus
• Pulse pressure in hemorrhagic shock
• Concerns with antenatal corticosteroids (Risk of hemorrhage)
• Causes of unilateral nasal discharge in children (Foreign body)
• Fluid of choice for neonatal resuscitation
• Investigation for pyloric stenosis
• Nutritional assessment in community settings
• Pathognomonic findings in infants of diabetic mothers
• Age for building blocks/walking backwards
• Fontanelle closure timeline
• Rationale for ORS composition

• Age group most common for Perthes’ disease (4-8 years)
• Requirement for surgical treatment in elderly hip fractures (Early mobilization)
• Best management for middle 1/3rd clavicle fractures in children (Figure of 8 bandage)
• Nerve affected in sensory loss of thumb and index finger (Median nerve)
• Characteristic of humeral midshaft fractures (Wrist drop/Radial nerve)
• Earliest sign of compartment syndrome (Pain out of proportion)
• Prognosis for nerve injury (Neuropraxia)
• Soap bubble appearance on X-ray (Giant cell tumor)
• Diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism in elderly with fractures
• Complications of rib fractures (Hemothorax)
• Initial investigation for pediatric knee pain (X-ray)
• Weakest area of the shoulder joint (Inferior)
• Pathognomonic marker for Rheumatoid Arthritis (Anti-CCP antibodies)
• Most radiosensitive cells (Germinal layer cells)
• Earliest sign of Pott’s spine (Hyperreflexia)
• Specific radiological finding of hyperparathyroidism (Subperiosteal bone resorption)
• First presentation of simple bone cyst (Fracture)
• Causes of radiating low back pain (PIVD L4-L5)
• Anatomical structures of the rotator interval
• Dangers of partially inflated tourniquets
• Allen's test utility
• Serological markers for ankylosing spondylitis (HLA-B27)
• Involvement in psoriatic arthritis
• Specific markers for Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Management steps for open fractures
• Radial head fracture protection during reduction
• Bone-forming tumors (Osteosarcoma)
• Muscle testing for Rhomboids
• Causes of hip pain post-corticosteroid use (Avascular necrosis)
• Findings in medial epicondyle injury

• Next line of investigation for conductive hearing loss (Tympanometry)
• Most common malignant tumor of submandibular gland (Mucoepidermoid carcinoma)
• Best treatment for ruptured tympanic membrane (Prevention of water entry)
• Management of uncontrolled epistaxis from Little’s area (Anterior nasal packing)
• Common site of epistaxis in older patients (Woodruff’s plexus)
• Suggestive findings for retropharyngeal abscess (Widened prevertebral space)
• Marker for CSF rhinorrhea (Beta 2 transferrin)
• Diagnosis for sustained vertigo and tinnitus (Acute labyrinthitis)
• Earliest treatment for Grade IV facial palsy
• Diagnosis of recurrent ulcers on lower lip (Aphthous stomatitis)
• Eustachian tube adult size age (7 years)
• Sound attenuation of cotton balls
• Maximum hearing loss conditions
• Gold standard for OME diagnosis (B-type tympanometry)
• Management of parotid pleomorphic adenoma
• Extracranial complications of CSOM (Acute mastoiditis)
• Artery ligation for persistent epistaxis (Maxillary artery)
• Characteristics of malignant glottic cells
• Effective techniques for community health promotion (Community diagnosis)
• Treatment for Mobitz type II heart block (Transcutaneous pacing)
• Descriptions of Pott’s puffy tumor
• Semicircular canal movements
• Probable causes of parotitis
• Organisms causing acute epiglottitis
• Earliest presentation of glottic carcinoma
• Management of ASOM with bulging eardrum
• Management of OSA
• Probable causes of single soft nasal mass
• Types of tonsillar/peritonsillar abscess
• Management of choice for parotid swelling

• Drugs associated with unwanted eyelash growth (PG analogues)
• Earliest characteristic finding in glaucoma (Paracentral scotoma)
• Magnification of direct ophthalmoscope (15 times)
• Findings in hypertensive retinopathy (Flame-shaped hemorrhage)
• Maximum refraction site (Cornea)
• Routine drugs for corneal ulcers (Cycloplegics)
• Diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma
• Methods to measure corneal thickness (Pachymetry)
• Characteristics of Bitot’s spots
• Diagnosis of Horner syndrome (Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis)
• Earliest sign of Graves orbitopathy (Lid lag)
• Cause of everted lower eyelid post-burn (Cicatrization)
• Features of central vertigo (Purely vertical nystagmus)
• Next step in methanol poisoning (IV Ethanol)
• Organisms in soft contact lens infections
• Risks in Ophthalmia neonatorum
• Diagnosis for disc hyperemia and centrocecal scotoma
• Investigations for redness and painful loss of vision
• Fovea composition (Cones)
• Common causes of recurrent vision loss
• Lesion sites for loss of accommodation reflex
• Treatment for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction
• Visual tract lesions (Left optic tract)
• Diagnosis of CRVO (Flame-shaped hemorrhages)
• Symptoms of hot water triggered vision blurring (Optic neuritis)
• Calcified masses in vitreous (Retinoblastoma)
• Sudden painless loss of vision causes
• Investigations for acute congestive glaucoma
• Muscle responsible for pupil constriction
• Common causes of unilateral exophthalmos

• Highest suicide risk factor (Mood disorders)
• Diagnosis of delirium in alcohol withdrawal
• Preferred treatment for OCD (ERP)
• Defense mechanisms (Displacement)
• Memory loss terminology (Retrograde amnesia)
• Diagnosis of conversion disorder
• Side effects of haloperidol (Extrapyramidal symptoms)
• Immediate treatment for alcohol withdrawal (Benzodiazepine)
• Definition of identity crisis
• Diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder
• Best step in management for TCA overdose (Lignocaine/Sodium Bicarbonate)
• Earliest sign of cannabis intoxication (Agitation)
• Differentiation of panic attacks from myocardial infarction
• Visual hallucinations in schizophrenia
• Nihilistic delusions in severe depression
• Features seen in bilateral amygdala lesions
• Management of tachycardia and restlessness in alcohol withdrawal
• Drug of choice for mania with psychotic features
• Specific features of psychosis (Neologism)
• Diagnosis for recurrent manic episodes
• Causes of serotonin syndrome
• Causes of QT prolongation (Amitriptyline)
• Definition of emotion
• Identification of Negative Symptoms
• Provisional diagnosis for SOB and impending doom
• Identification of Conduct Disorder
• Points differentiating psychosis from neurosis
• Diagnosis for atypical antipsychotic side effects
• Drug of choice for PMS/PMDD (SSRI)
• Management of alcohol withdrawal tremors

• Storage sites for organophosphate poisons (Fat)
• Safety of insecticides in kitchens (Sodium hypochlorite)
• Ethical principles in emergency surgery (Implied consent)
• Poisoning causing acrodynia (Mercury)
• Rigor mortis sequence (Myocardium first)
• Post-mortem lividity in cyanide poisoning (Brick-red)
• Injury types in bicycle skidding (Grazed abrasion)
• Legal principles of intervening acts (Novus actus interveniens)
• Diagnosis of Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
• Common locations for DAI lesions (Gray-white junction)
• Characteristics of postmortem drowning
• Professional misconduct in medical ethics
• Definition of therapeutic privilege
• Identification of Tyre marks
• Pulmonary findings in mechanical asphyxia
• Diagnosis of dead body in water
• Main causes of death in road traffic accidents
• Primary impact injury locations
• Dangerous pathways in electrocution
• Definitions of cause and mechanism of death
• Steps in examining rape victims
• Misconduct according to Nepal Medical Council
• Exceptions to alcohol hand sanitizer truths
• First step in OPD patient visit
• Red velvet stomach findings
• Cause of death from ligature marks
• Significance of defensive vs hesitant cuts
• Parameters not determined by postmortem hypostasis
• Symptoms of organophosphate, opium, and paracetamol overdose
• Rigor mortis appearance in internal organs

• Investigation of choice for post-COVID pneumonia (HRCT)
• Source of hemorrhage in right sylvian fissure (Middle cerebral artery)
• Minimum duration of fasting for hepatobiliary USG (6 hours)
• Investigation of choice for painful breast mass in lactating female (USG)
• Signs of pneumoperitoneum on X-ray
• Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (Normal saline)
• Hounsfield unit of zero (Water)
• Preferred test for visualizing terminal ileum (Barium follow through)
• Radiological signs of pulmonary edema (Bat wing appearance)
• Common artifacts in USG (Post-acoustic shadowing)
• MRI contraindications (Metallic foreign body in eye)
• Early signs of acute infarct on CT
• Best investigation for ureteric stone (CT scan)
• Conditions showing codfish vertebra (Osteoporosis)
• MRI findings in DAI
• Management of hypothyroidism (Thyroxine)
• Keyhole sign on USG
• Bone loss percentage for radiographic visualization
• Confirmation of bladder rupture
• Sentinel loop on plain abdominal X-ray
• Fluid amount to obscure costophrenic angle
• WHO bone density levels for severe osteoporosis
• Hilum border structures on chest X-ray
• Investigation of choice for ureteric colic
• Causes of fronto-temporal cortex calcified mass
• Onion skin appearance conditions (Ewing's sarcoma)
• Management for spinal bending (Cobb's angle)
• Management for contrast-induced creatinine increase
• Cell death mechanisms in radiation therapy
• Radiological signs of small bowel obstruction

• Purpose of random assignment (Reduce selection bias)
• Vaccines causing thrombocytopenia (MMR)
• Diagnostic power of screening tests (Positive Predictive Value)
• Data classification (Health-related data)
• Early Warning and Reporting System (EWARS) in Nepal
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) significance
• Ethics in randomized control trials on prisoners
• Occupational asthma risk factors
• Appropriate contraception for irregular menstruation
• Duration of prophylaxis for rheumatic fever
• Recent vaccine additions in Nepal (HPV)
• Definition of test sensitivity
• Most heat-sensitive vaccines (BCG after reconstitution)
• Screening tests for STDs in sexually active females (Chlamydia)
• Levels of prevention (Handwashing/Health promotion)
• Types of data classification (Ordinal)
• Sampling types (Stratified)
• Management of high-risk rabies exposure (PEP + RIG)
• Prevention methods for silicosis (Dusting reduction)
• P-value interpretation
• Surveillance methods for known cases
• Minimum ANC visits according to WHO 2016
• Vaccination schedule for 9-month-old children in Nepal
• Definitions of disease control, elimination, and eradication
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ) for mild mental retardation
• Vaccine timing for PCV
• Examples of cultural accommodation
• Standard error of mean definition
• Calculation of disease prevalence
• Measurement of true morbidity

• Factors for spinal anesthesia block level (Position of patient)
• Use of Mallampati grading (Airway management)
• Immediate approach for "cannot intubate, cannot ventilate" (Scalpel Cricothyrotomy)
• Definition of hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mmHg)
• Electrolyte disturbances in massive blood transfusion (Hyperkalemia/Hypocalcemia)
• Identification of inodilators (Dobutamine)
• Timing of primary vs. reactionary hemorrhage
• Factors NOT associated with difficult mask ventilation (Edentulous)
• Management of sinus bradycardia with no pulse (CPR and Epinephrine)
• Sedatives mimicking natural sleep (Dexmedetomidine)
• Anesthesia in patients with increased ICP (Avoid Ketamine)
• Causes of max alveolar oxygen gradient
• Management of bradycardia from wild honey consumption (Atropine)
• Supraglottic airway devices
• Regional block anesthesia risks
• CPR compression-ventilation ratios
• Oxygen concentration in mouth-to-mouth respiration
• Duration before post-dural puncture headache
• Causes of hypotension during spinal anesthesia
• Causes of gastric distension during bag and mask ventilation
• Contraindications in bronchial asthma (Thiopentone)
• Definition of sniffing position
• Reversal drugs for non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade (Neostigmine)
• Devices for fixed and predetermined oxygen delivery (Venturi mask)
• Commonest drug for tracheal intubation (Rocuronium)
• Inhalational agent of choice for children (Sevoflurane)
• Complications of central venous catheterization
• Drugs for rapid sequence intubation (Rocuronium)
• Best method to confirm endotracheal tube position (Direct visualization)
• Use of procainamide in shock with broad QRS complexes

• Diagnosis of fungal infections/patchy hair loss (KOH mount)
• Sample sites for vaginal discharge (Endocervical swab)
• Skin lesions related to TB infection (Erythema nodosum)
• Pattern of hair loss in Androgenetic alopecia
• Characteristics of Psoriasis (Silvery scales on extensor surfaces)
• Treatment for alopecia areata (Intralesional steroids)
• Identification of Pemphigus vulgaris (Fluid-filled lesions/rupture)
• Causes of Vitiligo (Focal loss of melanocytes)
• Characteristics of Atopic dermatitis (Extreme pruritus/Family history)
• Causative agent of Tinea versicolor (Malassezia furfur)
• Identification of Seborrheic dermatitis (Red scaly patches on nasolabial folds)
• Features of Aphthous ulcers
• Characteristics of Basal cell carcinoma (Pearly appearance/extensive sun exposure)
• Identification of Herpes zoster (Grouped vesicles/Dermatomal)
• Management of syphilis with penicillin allergy (Doxycycline)
• Definition of transplantation
• Most common premalignant lesion for oral cancer (Leukoplakia)
• Stratum lucidum locations
• Safe scabies treatment in pregnancy (Permethrin)
• Signs of flaccid bulla over trunk (Nikolsky sign)
• Causes of itching and eczema in field workers
• Diagnosis of painless genital ulcer (Primary syphilis)
• Treatment for leprosy nodules
• Truths about Norwegian scabies
• Dermatological condition with collarette (Pityriasis Rosea)
• TPHA test significance in syphilis
• Target sign lesions associated with HSV
• Stiffening and blue discoloration of fingers (Anti-scl-70 antibody)
• Hypersensitivity type of SLE (Type III)
• Identification of Lichen Planus

• Methods to prevent irrational drug use (Standard treatment guidelines)
• Immediate response for tension pneumothorax in resuscitation (Needle decompression)
• Communication skills in medical curriculum
• Ethical principles of truth-telling (Autonomy)
• Definition of efficiency in health management
• Cornerstone of PEA management (CPR)
• Methods for decreasing external temperature (Cold sponging with ice water)
• Management of acute anaphylaxis in children (IM adrenaline)
• Role of the Department of Drug Administration (Regulatory strategy)
• Ethical principle of Autonomy in decision making
• START triage categories (Red/Unconscious)
• Linear relationship measurement (Correlation coefficient)
• Definition of a near miss event
• Privileged communication in HIV disclosure
• Priority in counseling (Availability)
• CPR techniques (Adult ratios/depth)
• WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators (Polypharmacy)
• Community diagnosis definition
• Weekly iron tablet programs for adolescents
• Determination of medical negligence compensation
• Empathetic response strategies
• Steps to restrain children in OPD
• Steps in examining rape victims
• Program protocols for infection control
• Breaching of medical ethics
• Ethical issues in paracetamol prescribing
• Counseling adolescent patients
• Treatment guidelines for terminal illness (Hospice care)
• Duration of quarantine
• False signs of revival after CPR